1	OzarkCon 2008 ELF through VLF plus LF Long Wave Radio Steve Yates AA5TB aa5tb@yahoo.com
2	Why a Long Wave Talk at a QRP Conference? I’ve been very active exploring the long wave spectrum when not operating QRP. There are some really cool things to listen to on the long waves with simple QRP style gear! QRP operators are skilled at pulling weak signals out of the noise. There is a lot of new activity on the LW bands that take QRP to the extreme
3	Long Wave Spectrum 3 Hz to 30 Hz = ELF* (100 Mm – 10 Mm) 30 Hz to 300 Hz = SLF (10 Mm – 1 Mm) 300 Hz to 3 kHz = ULF (1 Mm – 100 km) 3 kHz to 30 kHz = VLF (100 km – 10 km) 30 kHz to 300 kHz = LF (10 km – 1 km) *Popular misuse calls anything from about 3 Hz to 3 kHz ELF
4	Types of Signals 300 Hz to 30 kHz Man Made Natural Other
5	Man Made Signals Military Navigation Signals TV Horizontal Sync. Oscillators The Power Grid!
6	Military Mostly MSK (Minimum Shift Keying) Stations can be heard around the world Very large transmit antennas but small receive antennas
7	Navigation Signals Omega Navigation – U.S.A but off line now Alpha System (RSDN-20) Three Russian transmitters near Novosibirsk, Krasnodar and Seyda Frequencies of 11.905 kHz, 12.649 kHz and 14.881 kHz Easily heard in U.S.A with simple equipment.
8	TV Horizontal Sync. Oscillators 15.734 kHz carrier (NTSC) U.S.A. 15.625 kHz carrier (PAL) Mostly from older CRT televisions
9	The Power Grid! The 60 Hz (50 Hz in many other countries) is a major source of RFI 50/60 Hz easily filtered but harmonics are not. Harmonics to a few kHz New DSP filters have been very successful at generating comb filters to remove power grid RFI with minimum distortion of desired signals
10	Spectrogram of Man Made Signals
11	More Man Made Signals
12	Natural Emissions ‘Spherics Tweaks Whistlers Dawn Chorus
13	‘Spherics Atmospheric signals created by the Earth’s lightning activity Can be heard for thousands of miles via ground wave and/or sky wave at night
14	Spectrogram of ‘Spherics
15	Tweaks Created by the ionosphere “wave guide” cut-off effect of broad band lightning emissions At cut-off, usually about 3 kHz, there is a dispersive effect that causes the frequencies just above cut-off to be delayed in time, creating a “tweak” sound Cut-off wave length about 100 km. Ionosphere e-layer? May have interesting HF propagation prediction possibilities
16	Spectrogram of Tweaks
17	Whistlers A slow musical note beginning at high frequencies and dropping to low frequencies over a few seconds Caused by broad band lightning emissions being propagated in the Earth’s plasmasphere along magnetic field lines. The longer the wavelength, the slower the propagation is through the dispersive plasma paths. Hence, high frequencies arrive first
18	Spectrogram of Whistlers
19	Dawn Chorus Sounds like birds in the morning Mostly heard around dawn
20	Spectrogram of Dawn Chorus
21	Other Emissions Noises Maybe aurora activity and/or geomagnetic storms Maybe meteor activity [14] Maybe earthquake activity (piezoelectric effect) [11] Multitude of man made devices such as electric motors, etc.
22	Spectrogram of Unusual Emissions
23	How To Listen Need to convert electromagnetic (radio) waves in recordable or audible signals. Sample the E-Field or the H-Field and drive an audio amplifier or a computer’s sound card Superheterodyne receiver Big antennas not needed for receive only applications
24	E-Field Probe Receiver Detects the electric field of the EM wave Relatively short whip connected to a very high impedance, voltage amplifier Simple ground, such as 1 foot stake or your body Beware of capacitance from whip to other objects Very simple and portable setup.
25	E-Field Probe Receiver Example Inspire Receiver – Home brewed based on original NASA Inspire project design
26	E-Field Probe Receiver Kit VLF-3 – Latest NASA Inspire project kit $80.00 USD http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/inspire/2007/VLF3RadioReceiver.htm
27	Commercial Receiver WR-3 Receiver by Stephen McGreevy, N6NKS http://www.auroralchorus.com/wr3.htm
28	H-Field Probe Receiver Detects the magnetic field of the EM wave A low impedance loop driving a current amplifier Useful bi-directional pattern Perpendicular loops may drive left and right channels for cool “stereo” effect
29	Superheterodyne Receiver Example Rycom R1307A/GR Receiver http://www.aa5tb.com/rycom.html 3 kHz to 830 kHz Modes: AM, CW, MCW, SSB, FM and FSK
30	Amplifier Any battery powered audio amplifier will usually suffice Any connection to earth may introduce hum due to ground loop Computer sound card is great Either isolate the line from computer or keep the computer floating (battery powered)
31	Recording Computer preferred but can use old tape recorder. Sound card applications such as Audacity Don’t use devices or applications with AGC due to pumping by ‘spherics 48 kHz sampling rate allows for 24 kHz bandwidth recording (Nyquist) .wav files uncompressed with no loss .mp3 files compression but much smaller but some loss
32	Recording Audacity http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ Free! Very good editing capabilities Works on most OS platforms (ex. Linux, Windows, Mac, etc.) Saves in various formats, including .wav and .mp3
33	Analyzing Software Spectrum Lab – by DL4YHF http://freenet-homepage.de/dl4yhf/spectra1.html Free! Very user configurable Complex but user groups available Windows Vista incompatible (at least for me)
34	Analyzing Software Spectrogram Ver. 15 – by Richard Horne http://www.visualizationsoftware.com/gram.html $29.95 USD Very user friendly and simple to use Microsoft Vista compatible
35	Analyzing Software ARGO by I2PHD and IK2CZZ http://digilander.libero.it/i2phd/argo/index.html Software for decoding QRSS signals A good tool for extreme QRP!
36	Other Bands of Amateur Interest 71.6 - 74.4 kHz – U.K. allocation Mostly for cave communications using induction rather then radio 135.7-137.8 kHz – 2200m Band Approved at the World Radio Communication Conference (WRC-07) for world wide use but not by FCC Many stations active, mostly in UK and Canada Many use ARGO, by I2PHD and IK2CZZ - Software for decoding QRSS signals 160-190 kHz – LowFER (Low-Frequency Experimental Radio) Band (Real QRPp!) License free operation under FCC Part 15.217 Limit 1W DC input to the PA Maximum 15m of antenna, ground lead, and feedline together!
37	LowFER Example
38	QSL From LowFER Station
39	Useful Web Links Welcome to the Realm of Natural VLF Radio Phenomena, by Stephen McGreevy, N6NKS - http://www.spaceweathersounds.com/ LWCA – Long Wave Club of America - http://www.lwca.org/ IK1QFK, Renato Romero Home Page - Exploring ULF-ELF and VLF radio band - http://www.vlf.it/ NASA Inspire Project - http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/inspire/ VLF_Group – Natural Radio VLF Discussion Group - http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/VLF_Group/ Stanford VLF Group - http://www-star.stanford.edu/~vlf/Welcome.html VLF-3 – Latest NASA Inspire project kit - http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/inspire/2007/VLF3RadioReceiver.htm WR-3 Receiver, by Stephen McGreevy, N6NKS - http://www.auroralchorus.com/wr3.htm Audacity Sound Editor - http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ Spectrum Lab, by DL4YHF - http://freenet-homepage.de/dl4yhf/spectra1.html Spectrogram Version. 15, by Richard Horne - http://www.visualizationsoftware.com/gram.html ARGO QRSS Software, by I2PHD and IK2CZZ - http://digilander.libero.it/i2phd/argo/index.html WD2XSH - THE ARRL 600 METER EXPERIMENTAL GROUP - http://500kc.com/ Longwave Operations, AA5TB - http://www.aa5tb.com/longwave.html Rycom R1307A/GR Receiver, by AA5TB - http://www.aa5tb.com/rycom.html
40	References [Chang and Helliwell, 1980] Chang, Donald C. and Helliwell, Robert A., VLF Pulse Propagation in the Magnetosphere. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. pp. 170-176. Vol. AP-28, No. 2, 1980 [Cohen]. Cohen, Morris, Stanford VLF Remote Sensing. Stanford University [Cohen, 2006] Cohen, Morris, Narrowband Transmitter Guide. The Stanford University ELF/VLF Receiver. Stanford University, 2006 [Gallett,1959] Gallett, Robert M., The Very Low-Frequency Emissions Generated in the Earth’s Exosphere”. Proceedings of the IRE. Pp. 211-231, 1959 [Helliwell and Morgan, 1959] Helliwell, R. A. and Morgan, M. G., Atmospheric Whistlers. Proceedings of the IRE. Pp. 200-208, 1959 [Inan et al.,] Inan, U. S., Cohen, M. B., Scherrer, P. H., and Scherrer, D., VLF Remote Sensing of the Lower Ionosphere: Solar Flares, Electron Precipitation, Sprites, and Giant χ-ray Flares”. Stanford University [Johnson, 2000] Johnson, Michael P., VLF Imaging of Lightning-Induced Ionospheric Disturbances. Stanford University. PhD Dissertation, 2000 [Laasphere et al., 1963] Laasphere, T., Morgan, M. G and Johnson, W. C., Some Results of Five Years of Whistler Observations from Labrador to Antarctica. Proceedings of the IEEE. Pp. 554-568, 1963 [Laasphere et al., 1964] Laasphere, T., Morgan, M. G and Johnson, W. C., Chorus, Hiss, and Other Audio-Frequency Emissions at Stations of the Whistlers-East Network. Proceedings of the IEEE. Pp. 1331-1349, 1964 [Mohr and Gross] Mohr, Bernard and Gross, Stanley, Space Antennas for Whistler Reception. Airborne Instruments Laboratory. Pp. 128-133 [Ozaki et al., 2004] Ozaki, M., Nagano, I., Yagitani, S. and Miyamura, K., Ionospheric Propagation of ELF/VLF Waves Radiated from Earthquake. Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University. Pp. 539-542, 2004 [Potter, 1951] Potter, Ralph K., Analysis of Audio-Frequency Atmospherics. Proceedings of the I.R.E. pp. 1067-1069, 1951 [Poulsen, 1991] Poulsen, William L., Modeling of Very Low Frequency Wave Propagation and Scattering Within the Earth-Ionosphere Waveguide in the Presence of Lower Ionosphereic Disturbances, PhD Thesis Dissertation, Stanford University, 1991 [Price and Blum, 2000] Price, Colin and Blum, Moshe, ELF/VLF Radiation Produced By The 1999 Leonid Meteors. Department of Geophysics and Planetary Science, Tel Aviv University. Pp. 545-548, 2000
41	"73" 73 SK